This article attempts to trace semantic change of the modal word „kaum“ and its meaning in German and Russian languages. Traditionally modal words being much more frequent in spoken than in written language don`t possess grammatical status. In the context this article focuses on etymology, equivalents and combinability with other particles, as well on the introduction of meanings of „kaum“ in pre-, middle- and afterfields.

This article is devoted to the cross-cultural analysis of phraseological units of biblical origin in the Russian, Spanish, Italian, French and English languages. The conducted cross-cultural analysis revealed a range of similarities and differences between phraseological units of biblical origin in given languages, showed general and culture-specific features in biblical phraseology despite the common source that affect the translation of those units from one language to another.

The article is devoted to a cognitive analysis of the frame-scenario “discreditation” in the political discourse. The material taken is Barack Obama’s speech in the final US presidential debates on October 22, 2012. As seen from the results, the frame-scenario «discreditation» can be viewed as a series of components. There are five of them: stimulus – approval – criticism – approval – conclusion. Due to conceptual analysis of the two main components, i.e. approval and criticism, it is possible to find out their dominant meanings.

The life of a hero-fighter as a linguistic and social personality is organized around hierarchically arranged value dominants, which are socially and individually determined and form his conceptual and linguistic pictures of the world. Such dominants are believed to semiotize the hero’s linguo-cultural space, consequently identifying the objectives and priorities of the society, as well as shaping the personality’s outlook.

The types of transposition and the peculiarities of their functioning in the novel “For whom the bell tolls” by E. Hemingway are analyzed in the article.